Titanium ranks 4th in terms of distribution in production, but effective technology for its extraction was developed only in the 40s of the last century. It is a silver-colored metal characterized by a low specific gravity and unique characteristics. To analyze the extent of distribution in industry and other areas, it is necessary to announce the properties of titanium and the areas of application of its alloys.
Main characteristics
The metal has a low specific gravity - only 4.5 g/cm³. Anti-corrosion qualities are due to the stable oxide film formed on the surface. Thanks to this quality, titanium does not change its properties when kept in water or hydrochloric acid for a long time. There are no damaged areas due to stress, which is a major problem with steel.
In its pure form, titanium has the following qualities and characteristics:
- nominal melting point - 1,660°C;
- boils when exposed to heat at +3 227°C;
- tensile strength – up to 450 MPa;
- characterized by a low elasticity index - up to 110.25 GPa;
- on the HB scale, hardness is 103;
- the yield strength is one of the most optimal among metals - up to 380 MPa;
- thermal conductivity of pure titanium without additives – 16.791 W/m*C;
- minimum coefficient of thermal expansion;
- this element is a paramagnet.
For comparison, the strength of this material is 2 times greater than that of pure iron and 4 times that of aluminum. Titanium also has two polymorphic phases - low temperature and high temperature.
Pure titanium is not used for production needs due to its high cost and required performance qualities. To increase rigidity, oxides, hybrids and nitrides are added to the composition. It is less common to change material characteristics to improve corrosion resistance. The main types of additives for producing alloys: steel, nickel, aluminum. In some cases, it functions as an additional component.
Areas of use
Due to its low specific gravity and strength parameters, titanium is widely used in the aviation and space industries. It is used as the main structural material in its pure form. In special cases, cheaper alloys are made by reducing the heat resistance. At the same time, its corrosion resistance and mechanical strength remain unchanged.
In addition, material with titanium additives has found application in the following areas:
- Chemical industry. Its resistance to almost all aggressive environments, except organic acids, makes it possible to manufacture complex equipment with good maintenance-free service life.
- Production of vehicles. The reason is low specific gravity and mechanical strength. Frames or load-bearing elements of structures are made from it.
- Medicine. For special purposes, a special alloy nitinol (titanium and nickel) is used. Its distinguishing feature is shape memory. To reduce the burden on patients and minimize the likelihood of negative effects on the body, many medical splints and similar devices are made of titanium.
- In industry, metal is used for the manufacture of housings and individual equipment elements.
- Titanium jewelry has a unique appearance and qualities.
In most cases, the material is processed in the factory. But there are a number of exceptions - knowing the properties of this material, some of the work to change the appearance of the product and its characteristics can be done in a home workshop.
Processing Features
To give the product the desired shape, it is necessary to use special equipment - a lathe and milling machine. Manual cutting or milling of titanium is not possible due to its hardness. In addition to choosing the power and other characteristics of the equipment, it is necessary to select the right cutting tools: cutters, cutters, reamers, drills, etc.
This takes into account the following nuances:
- Titanium shavings are highly flammable. Forced cooling of the surface of the part and operation at minimum speeds is necessary.
- Bending of the product is carried out only after preheating the surface. Otherwise, cracks are likely to appear.
- Welding. Special conditions must be observed.
Titanium is a unique material with good performance and technical qualities. But to process it, you need to know the specifics of the technology, and most importantly, safety precautions.
Titanium was originally named "gregorite" by British chemist Reverend William Gregor, who discovered it in 1791. Titanium was then independently discovered by the German chemist M. H. Klaproth in 1793. He named it titan after the Titans of Greek mythology - "the embodiment of natural strength." It was not until 1797 that Klaproth discovered that his titanium was an element previously discovered by Gregor.
Characteristics and properties
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous metal with a silvery color, low density and high strength. It is resistant to corrosion in seawater and chlorine.
Element occurs in a number of mineral deposits, mainly rutile and ilmenite, which are widespread in the earth's crust and lithosphere.
Titanium is used to produce strong light alloys. The metal's two most useful properties are corrosion resistance and its hardness-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed state, this metal is as strong as some steels, but less dense.
Physical properties of metal
This is a durable metal low density, quite plastic (especially in an oxygen-free environment), shiny and metalloid white. Its relatively high melting point of over 1650 °C (or 3000 °F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity.
On the Mohs scale, the hardness of titanium is 6. According to this indicator, it is slightly inferior to hardened steel and tungsten.
Commercially pure (99.2%) titanium has an ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, which is similar to common low-grade steel alloys, but titanium is much lighter.
Chemical properties of titanium
Like aluminum and magnesium, titanium and its alloys immediately oxidize when exposed to air. It reacts slowly with water and air at ambient temperatures, because it forms a passive oxide coating, which protects the bulk metal from further oxidation.
Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent corrosion resistance almost equivalent to platinum. Titanium is able to resist attack from dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions and most organic acids.
Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen, reacting at 800°C (1470°F) to form titanium nitride. Due to their high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen and some other gases, titanium filaments are used in titanium sublimation pumps as absorbers for these gases. These pumps are inexpensive and reliably produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems.
Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile and titanite (sphene). Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite are economically important, but even these are difficult to find in high concentrations.
Titanium is found in meteorites and has been found in the Sun and M-type stars with surface temperatures of 3200° C (5790° F).
Currently known methods for extracting titanium from various ores are labor-intensive and expensive.
Production and manufacturing
Currently, about 50 grades of titanium and titanium alloys have been developed and used. Today, 31 classes of titanium metal and alloys are recognized, of which classes 1–4 are commercially pure (unalloyed). They differ in tensile strength depending on oxygen content, with class 1 being the most ductile (lowest tensile strength with 0.18% oxygen) and class 4 the least ductile (highest tensile strength with 0.40% oxygen). ).
The remaining classes are alloys, each of which has specific properties:
- plastic;
- strength;
- hardness;
- electrical resistance;
- specific corrosion resistance and their combinations.
In addition to these specifications, titanium alloys are also manufactured to meet aerospace and military specifications (SAE-AMS, MIL-T), ISO standards and country-specific specifications, as well as end-user requirements for aerospace, military, medical and industrial applications.
A commercially pure flat product (sheet, slab) can be easily formed, but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a "memory" and a tendency to bounce back. This is especially true for some high-strength alloys.
Titanium is often used to make alloys:
- with aluminum;
- with vanadium;
- with copper (for hardening);
- with iron;
- with manganese;
- with molybdenum and other metals.
Areas of use
Titanium alloys in sheet, plate, rod, wire, and casting form find applications in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright burning particles.
Because titanium alloys have a high tensile strength-to-density ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, high crack resistance, and the ability to withstand moderately high temperatures, they are used in aircraft, armor, naval vessels, spacecraft, and missiles.
For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminum, zirconium, nickel, vanadium and other elements to produce a variety of components, including critical structural members, firewalls, landing gear, exhaust pipes (helicopters) and hydraulic systems. In fact, about two-thirds of titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames.
Because titanium alloys are resistant to seawater corrosion, they are used for propeller shafts, heat exchanger rigging, etc. These alloys are used in housings and components of ocean surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military.
Specific alloys are used in oil and gas wells and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to aggressive environments such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in bleaching). Other applications include ultrasonic welding, wave soldering.
Additionally, these alloys are used in automotive applications, especially in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight, high strength and stiffness are essential.
Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse and football helmets, as well as bicycle frames and components.
Due to its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly titanium rings). Its inertness makes it a good choice for people with allergies or those who will be wearing jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be sold as 24 karat gold because 1% Ti alloyed is not enough to require a lower grade. The resulting alloy is approximately the hardness of 14 karat gold and is stronger than pure 24 karat gold.
Precautionary measures
Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses. Whether in powder or metal filing form, it poses a serious fire hazard and, if heated in air, an explosion hazard.
Properties and applications of titanium alloys
Below is an overview of the most commonly found titanium alloys, divided into classes, their properties, advantages and industrial applications.
7th grade
Grade 7 is mechanically and physically equivalent to Grade 2 pure titanium, except for the addition of the intermediate element palladium, making it an alloy. It has excellent weldability and elasticity, the most corrosion resistance of all alloys of this type.
Class 7 is used in chemical processes and manufacturing equipment components.
Grade 11
Class 11 is very similar to Class 1, except for the addition of palladium to improve corrosion resistance, making it an alloy.
Other useful properties include optimal ductility, strength, toughness and excellent weldability. This alloy can be used especially in applications where corrosion is a problem:
- chemical treatment;
- production of chlorates;
- desalination;
- marine applications.
Ti 6Al-4V, class 5
Ti 6Al-4V alloy, or grade 5 titanium, is the most commonly used. It accounts for 50% of total titanium consumption worldwide.
Ease of use lies in its many advantages. Ti 6Al-4V can be heat treated to increase its strength. This alloy has high strength with low weight.
This is the best alloy to use in several industries, such as aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing industries. It can be used to create:
- aircraft turbines;
- engine components;
- aircraft structural elements;
- aerospace fasteners;
- high-performance automatic parts;
- sports equipment.
Ti 6AL-4V ELI, class 23
Class 23 - surgical titanium. Ti 6AL-4V ELI alloy, or grade 23, is a higher purity version of Ti 6Al-4V. It can be made from rolls, threads, wires or flat wires. It is the best choice for any situation where a combination of high strength, low weight, good corrosion resistance and high toughness is required. It has excellent damage resistance.
It can be used in biomedical applications such as implantable components due to its biocompatibility, good fatigue resistance. It can also be used in surgical procedures to make the following structures:
- orthopedic pins and screws;
- ligature clamps;
- surgical staples;
- springs;
- orthodontic devices;
- cryogenic vessels;
- bone fixation devices.
12th grade
Titanium grade 12 has excellent high-quality weldability. It is a high-strength alloy that provides good strength at high temperatures. Grade 12 titanium has characteristics similar to 300 series stainless steels.
Its ability to be shaped in a variety of ways makes it useful in many applications. The alloy's high corrosion resistance also makes it invaluable for manufacturing equipment. Class 12 can be used in the following industries:
- heat exchangers;
- hydrometallurgical applications;
- chemical production at elevated temperatures;
- maritime and air components.
Ti5Al-2.5Sn
Ti 5Al-2.5Sn is an alloy that can provide good weldability with resistance. It also has high temperature stability and high strength.
Ti 5Al-2.5Sn is mainly used in the aviation sector and also in cryogenic applications.
close-packed (α-Ti)
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Subtitles
Hi all! Alexander Ivanov is with you and this is the “Chemistry - Simple” project. And now we’ll have a little fun with titanium! This is what a few grams of pure titanium look like, which were obtained a long time ago at the University of Manchester, when it was not even a university yet. This sample is from that same museum. This is what the main mineral from which titanium is extracted looks like. This is Rutile. In total, more than 100 minerals are known that contain titanium In 1867, everything that people knew about titanium fit in a textbook on 1 page By the beginning of the 20th century, nothing much had changed In 1791, the English chemist and mineralogist William Gregor discovered a new element in the mineral menakinite and called it “menakin” A little later, in 1795, the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered a new chemical element in another mineral - rutile. Titan received its name from Klaproth, who named it in honor of the elven queen Titania. However, according to another version, the name of the element comes from the titans, the powerful sons of the earth goddess - Gays However, in 1797 it turned out that Gregor and Klaproth discovered the same chemical element. But the name remained the same as that given by Klaproth. But neither Gregor nor Klaproth were able to obtain the metal titanium. They received a white crystalline powder, which was titanium dioxide. For the first time metallic titanium was obtained by the Russian scientist D.K. Kirilov in 1875 But as happens without proper coverage, his work was not noticed. After that, pure titanium was obtained by the Swedes L. Nilsson and O. Peterson, as well as the Frenchman Moissan. And only in 1910 the American chemist M. Hunter improved the previous methods of obtaining titanium and received several grams of pure 99% titanium. That is why in most books it is Hunter who is indicated as the scientist who received metal titanium. No one predicted a great future for titanium, since the slightest impurities in its composition made it very fragile and fragile, which did not allow mechanical testing processing Therefore, some titanium compounds found their widespread use earlier than the metal itself Titanium tetrachloride was used in the First World War to create smoke screens In the open air, titanium tetrachloride hydrolyzes to form titanium oxychlorides and titanium oxide The white smoke that we see is the particles of oxychlorides and titanium oxide. The fact that these are particles can be confirmed if we drop a few drops of titanium tetrachloride into water. Titanium tetrachloride is currently used to obtain metal titanium. The method for obtaining pure titanium has not changed for a hundred years. First, titanium dioxide is converted into titanium tetrachloride using chlorine, which we talked about earlier. Then, using magnesium thermia, titanium metal is obtained from titanium tetrachloride, which is formed in the form of a sponge. This process is carried out at a temperature of 900 ° C in steel retorts. Due to the harsh conditions of the reaction, we unfortunately do not have the opportunity to show this process The result is a titanium sponge, which is melted into a compact metal. To obtain ultra-pure titanium, they use the iodide refining method, which we will describe in detail in the video about zirconium. As you have already noticed, titanium tetrachloride is a transparent colorless liquid under normal conditions. But if we take trichloride titanium, then this is a purple solid. Just one less chlorine atom in the molecule, and already a different state. Titanium trichloride is hygroscopic. Therefore, you can only work with it in an inert atmosphere. Titanium trichloride dissolves well in hydrochloric acid. This is the process you are now observing. A complex ion is formed in the solution. 3– I’ll tell you what complex ions are next time. In the meantime, just be horrified :) If you add a little nitric acid to the resulting solution, titanium nitrate is formed and a brown gas is released, which is what we actually see. There is a qualitative reaction to titanium ions. Let's drop hydrogen peroxide. As you can see, a reaction occurs with the formation of a brightly colored compound This is supra-titanic acid. In 1908, in the USA, titanium dioxide began to be used for the production of white, which replaced white, which was based on lead and zinc. Titanium white greatly exceeded the quality of lead and zinc analogs. Also, titanium oxide was used to produce enamel, which was used for coatings of metal and wood in shipbuilding Currently, titanium dioxide is used in the food industry as a white dye - this is the E171 additive, which can be found in crab sticks, breakfast cereals, mayonnaise, chewing gum, dairy products, etc. Titanium dioxide is also used in cosmetics - it is part of the sun protection cream “All that glitters is not gold” - we have known this saying since childhood And in relation to the modern church and titanium, it works in the literal sense And it seems that what can be in common between the church and titanium? Here's what: all modern church domes that shimmer with gold actually have nothing to do with gold. In fact, all domes are coated with titanium nitride. Metal drills are also coated with titanium nitride. Only in 1925 was high-purity titanium obtained, which made it possible to study it physical and chemical properties And they turned out to be fantastic. It turned out that titanium, being almost half the weight of iron, is superior in strength to many steels. Also, although titanium is one and a half times heavier than aluminum, it is six times stronger than it and retains its strength up to 500°C. -due to its high electrical conductivity and non-magneticity, titanium is of high interest in electrical engineering. Titanium has high resistance to corrosion. Due to its properties, titanium has become a material for space technology. In Russia, in Verkhnyaya Salda, there is the VSMPO-AVISMA corporation, which produces titanium for the global aerospace industry. From Verkhnyaya Salda titanium they make Boeings, Airbuses, Rolls-Royces, various chemical equipment and a lot of other expensive junk. However, each of you can buy a shovel or crowbar made of pure titanium! And it's not a joke! And this is how fine titanium powder reacts with atmospheric oxygen. Thanks to such colorful combustion, titanium has found application in pyrotechnics. And that’s all, subscribe, give a thumbs up, don’t forget to support the project and tell your friends! Bye!
Story
The discovery of TiO 2 was made almost simultaneously and independently by an Englishman W. Gregor?! and the German chemist M. G. Klaproth. W. Gregor, studying the composition of magnetic ferruginous sand (Creed, Cornwall, England), isolated a new “earth” (oxide) of an unknown metal, which he called menaken. In 1795, the German chemist Klaproth discovered a new element in the mineral rutile and named it titanium. Two years later, Klaproth established that rutile and menaken earth are oxides of the same element, which gave rise to the name “titanium” proposed by Klaproth. Ten years later, titanium was discovered for the third time. The French scientist L. Vauquelin discovered titanium in anatase and proved that rutile and anatase are identical titanium oxides.
The first sample of metallic titanium was obtained in 1825 by J. Ya. Berzelius. Due to the high chemical activity of titanium and the difficulty of its purification, a pure sample of Ti was obtained by the Dutchmen A. van Arkel and I. de Boer in 1925 by thermal decomposition of titanium iodide vapor TiI 4 .
origin of name
The metal got its name in honor of the titans, characters from ancient Greek mythology, the children of Gaia. The name of the element was given by Martin Klaproth in accordance with his views on chemical nomenclature, as opposed to the French school of chemistry, where they tried to name an element by its chemical properties. Since the German researcher himself noted the impossibility of determining the properties of a new element only from its oxide, he chose a name for it from mythology, by analogy with uranium he had previously discovered.
Being in nature
Titanium is in 10th place in terms of prevalence in nature. The content in the earth's crust is 0.57% by mass, in sea water - 0.001 mg/l. In ultramafic rocks 300 g/t, in basic rocks - 9 kg/t, in acidic rocks 2.3 kg/t, in clays and shales 4.5 kg/t. In the earth's crust, titanium is almost always tetravalent and is present only in oxygen compounds. Not found in free form. Under conditions of weathering and precipitation, titanium has a geochemical affinity with Al 2 O 3 . It is concentrated in bauxites of the weathering crust and in marine clayey sediments. Titanium is transported in the form of mechanical fragments of minerals and in the form of colloids. Up to 30% TiO 2 by weight accumulates in some clays. Titanium minerals are resistant to weathering and form large concentrations in placers. More than 100 minerals containing titanium are known. The most important of them are: rutile TiO 2, ilmenite FeTiO 3, titanomagnetite FeTiO 3 + Fe 3 O 4, perovskite CaTiO 3, titanite CaTiSiO 5. There are primary titanium ores - ilmenite-titanomagnetite and placer ores - rutile-ilmenite-zircon.
Place of Birth
Titanium deposits are located in South Africa, Russia, Ukraine, China, Japan, Australia, India, Ceylon, Brazil, South Korea, and Kazakhstan. In the CIS countries, the leading places in explored reserves of titanium ores are occupied by the Russian Federation (58.5%) and Ukraine (40.2%). The largest deposit in Russia is Yaregskoye.
Reserves and production
As of 2002, 90% of mined titanium was used to produce titanium dioxide TiO 2 . World production of titanium dioxide was 4.5 million tons per year. Confirmed reserves of titanium dioxide (excluding Russia) are about 800 million tons. As of 2006, according to the US Geological Survey, in terms of titanium dioxide and excluding Russia, reserves of ilmenite ores amount to 603-673 million tons, and rutile ores - 49. 7-52.7 million tons. Thus, at the current rate of production, the world's proven reserves of titanium (excluding Russia) will last for more than 150 years.
Russia has the second largest reserves of titanium in the world, after China. The mineral resource base of titanium in Russia consists of 20 deposits (of which 11 are primary and 9 alluvial), fairly evenly distributed throughout the country. The largest of the explored deposits (Yaregskoye) is located 25 km from the city of Ukhta (Komi Republic). The deposit's reserves are estimated at 2 billion tons of ore with an average titanium dioxide content of about 10%.
The world's largest titanium producer is the Russian company VSMPO-AVISMA.
Receipt
As a rule, the starting material for the production of titanium and its compounds is titanium dioxide with a relatively small amount of impurities. In particular, it can be a rutile concentrate obtained from the enrichment of titanium ores. However, the reserves of rutile in the world are very limited, and the so-called synthetic rutile or titanium slag, obtained from the processing of ilmenite concentrates, is more often used. To obtain titanium slag, ilmenite concentrate is reduced in an electric arc furnace, while iron is separated into the metal phase (cast iron), and non-reduced titanium oxides and impurities form the slag phase. Rich slag is processed using the chloride or sulfuric acid method.
Titanium ore concentrate is subjected to sulfuric acid or pyrometallurgical processing. The product of sulfuric acid treatment is titanium dioxide powder TiO 2. Using the pyrometallurgical method, the ore is sintered with coke and treated with chlorine, producing titanium tetrachloride vapor TiCl 4:
T i O 2 + 2 C + 2 C l 2 → T i C l 4 + 2 C O (\displaystyle (\mathsf (TiO_(2)+2C+2Cl_(2)\rightarrow TiCl_(4)+2CO)))The resulting TiCl 4 vapors are reduced with magnesium at 850 °C:
T i C l 4 + 2 M g → 2 M g C l 2 + T i (\displaystyle (\mathsf (TiCl_(4)+2Mg\rightarrow 2MgCl_(2)+Ti)))In addition, the so-called FFC Cambridge process, named after its developers Derek Fray, Tom Farthing and George Chen, and the University of Cambridge, where it was created, is now beginning to gain popularity. This electrochemical process allows for the direct, continuous reduction of titanium from its oxide in a molten mixture of calcium chloride and quicklime. This process uses an electrolytic bath filled with a mixture of calcium chloride and lime, with a graphite sacrificial (or neutral) anode and a cathode made of a reducible oxide. When current is passed through the bath, the temperature quickly reaches ~1000-1100°C, and the calcium oxide melt decomposes at the anode into oxygen and metallic calcium:
2 C a O → 2 C a + O 2 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (2CaO\rightarrow 2Ca+O_(2))))The resulting oxygen oxidizes the anode (in the case of using graphite), and calcium migrates in the melt to the cathode, where it reduces titanium from the oxide:
O 2 + C → C O 2 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (O_(2)+C\rightarrow CO_(2)))) T i O 2 + 2 C a → T i + 2 C a O (\displaystyle (\mathsf (TiO_(2)+2Ca\rightarrow Ti+2CaO)))The resulting calcium oxide again dissociates into oxygen and metallic calcium, and the process is repeated until the cathode is completely converted into a titanium sponge, or the calcium oxide is exhausted. In this process, calcium chloride is used as an electrolyte to impart electrical conductivity to the melt and mobility of active calcium and oxygen ions. When using an inert anode (for example, tin oxide), instead of carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen is released at the anode, which pollutes the environment less, but the process in this case becomes less stable, and, in addition, in some conditions, the decomposition of chloride becomes more energetically favorable, rather than calcium oxide, resulting in the release of molecular chlorine.
The resulting titanium “sponge” is melted down and cleaned. Titanium is refined using the iodide method or electrolysis, separating Ti from TiCl 4 . To obtain titanium ingots, arc, electron beam or plasma processing is used.
Physical properties
Titanium is a lightweight silvery-white metal. Exists in two crystal modifications: α-Ti with a hexagonal close-packed lattice (a=2.951 Å; c=4.679 Å; z=2; space group C6mmc), β-Ti with cubic body-centered packing (a=3.269 Å; z=2; space group Im3m), temperature of the α↔β transition is 883 °C, ΔH of the transition is 3.8 kJ/mol. Melting point 1660±20 °C, boiling point 3260 °C, density of α-Ti and β-Ti respectively equal to 4.505 (20 °C) and 4.32 (900 °C) g/cm³, atomic density 5.71⋅10 22 at/cm³ [ ] . Plastic, weldable in an inert atmosphere. Resistivity 0.42 µOhm m at 20 °C
It has a high viscosity, during machining it is prone to sticking to the cutting tool, and therefore requires the application of special coatings to the tool and various lubricants.
At ordinary temperatures it is covered with a protective passivating film of TiO 2 oxide, making it corrosion resistant in most environments (except alkaline).
Titanium dust tends to explode. Flash point - 400 °C. Titanium shavings are fire hazardous.
Titanium, along with steel, tungsten and platinum, is highly stable in a vacuum, which, along with its lightness, makes it very promising when designing spacecraft.
Chemical properties
Titanium is resistant to dilute solutions of many acids and alkalis (except H 3 PO 4 and concentrated H 2 SO 4).
It reacts easily even with weak acids in the presence of complexing agents, for example, it interacts with hydrofluoric acid due to the formation of a complex anion 2−. Titanium is most susceptible to corrosion in organic environments, since in the presence of water a dense passive film of titanium oxides and hydride is formed on the surface of a titanium product. The most noticeable increase in the corrosion resistance of titanium is noticeable when the water content in an aggressive environment increases from 0.5 to 8.0%, which is confirmed by electrochemical studies of the electrode potentials of titanium in solutions of acids and alkalis in mixed aqueous-organic media.
When heated in air to 1200 °C, Ti lights up with a bright white flame with the formation of oxide phases of variable composition TiO x. TiO(OH) 2 ·xH 2 O hydroxide is precipitated from solutions of titanium salts, and careful calcination of which produces TiO 2 oxide. Hydroxide TiO(OH) 2 xH 2 O and dioxide TiO 2 are amphoteric.
Application
In pure form and in the form of alloys
- Titanium in the form of alloys is the most important structural material in aircraft, rocket and shipbuilding.
- The metal is used in: chemical industry (reactors, pipelines, pumps, pipeline fittings), military industry (body armor, armor and fire barriers in aviation, submarine hulls), industrial processes (desalination plants, pulp and paper processes), automotive industry, agricultural industry, food industry, piercing jewelry, medical industry (prostheses, osteoprostheses), dental and endodontic instruments, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, light alloys, etc.
- Titanium casting is performed in vacuum furnaces into graphite molds. Vacuum lost wax casting is also used. Due to technological difficulties, it is used in artistic casting to a limited extent. The first monumental cast sculpture made of titanium in world practice is the monument to Yuri Gagarin on the square named after him in Moscow.
- Titanium is an alloying additive in many alloy steels and most special alloys [ which ones?] .
- Nitinol (nickel-titanium) is a shape memory alloy used in medicine and technology.
- Titanium aluminides are very resistant to oxidation and heat-resistant, which, in turn, determined their use in aviation and automotive manufacturing as structural materials.
- Titanium is one of the most common getter materials used in high-vacuum pumps.
In the form of connections
- White titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is used in paints (eg titanium white) and in the production of paper and plastics. Food additive E171.
- Organo-titanium compounds (for example, tetrabutoxytitanium) are used as a catalyst and hardener in the chemical and paint industries.
- Inorganic titanium compounds are used in the chemical electronics and fiberglass industries as additives or coatings.
- Titanium carbide, titanium diboride, titanium carbonitride are important components of superhard materials for metal processing.
- Titanium nitride is used to coat instruments, church domes and in the production of costume jewelry, as it has a color similar to gold.
- Barium titanate BaTiO 3 , lead titanate PbTiO 3 and a number of other titanates are ferroelectrics.
There are many titanium alloys with different metals. Alloying elements are divided into three groups, depending on their effect on the temperature of the polymorphic transformation: beta stabilizers, alpha stabilizers and neutral strengtheners. The first ones lower the transformation temperature, the second ones increase it, the third ones do not affect it, but lead to solution strengthening of the matrix. Examples of alpha stabilizers: aluminum, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen. Beta stabilizers: molybdenum, vanadium, iron, chromium, nickel. Neutral hardeners: zirconium, tin, silicon. Beta stabilizers, in turn, are divided into beta isomorphic and beta eutectoid-forming.
The most common titanium alloy is the Ti-6Al-4V alloy (in the Russian classification - VT6).
Analysis of consumption markets
The purity and grade of rough titanium (titanium sponge) is usually determined by its hardness, which depends on the impurity content. The most common brands are TG100 and TG110 [ ] .
Physiological action
As mentioned above, titanium is also used in dentistry. A distinctive feature of the use of titanium is not only its strength, but also the ability of the metal itself to fuse with the bone, which makes it possible to ensure the quasi-monolithic nature of the tooth base.
Isotopes
Natural titanium consists of a mixture of five stable isotopes: 46 Ti (7.95%), 47 Ti (7.75%), 48 Ti (73.45%), 49 Ti (5.51%), 50 Ti (5. 34%).
Artificial radioactive isotopes 45 Ti (T ½ = 3.09 h), 51 Ti (T ½ = 5.79 min) and others are known.
Notes
- Michael E. Wieser, Norman Holden, Tyler B. Coplen, John K. Böhlke, Michael Berglund, Willi A. Brand, Paul De Bièvre, Manfred Gröning, Robert D. Loss, Juris Meija, Takafumi Hirata, Thomas Prohaska, Ronny Schoenberg, Glenda O'Connor, Thomas Walczyk, Shige Yoneda, Xiang-Kun Zhu. Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report) (English) // Pure and Applied Chemistry. - 2013. - Vol. 85, no. 5 . - P. 1047-1078. - DOI:10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02.
- Editorial team: Zefirov N. S. (chief editor). Chemical encyclopedia: in 5 volumes - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1995. - T. 4. - P. 590-592. - 639 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-039-8.
- Titanium- article from the Physical Encyclopedia
- J.P. Riley and Skirrow G. Chemical Oceanography V. 1, 1965
- Titanium deposit.
- Titanium deposit.
- Ilmenite, rutile, titanomagnetite - 2006
- Titanium (undefined) . Information and analytical center "Mineral". Retrieved November 19, 2010. Archived August 21, 2011.
- VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation
- Koncz, St. Szanto, St.; Waldhauser, H., Der Sauerstoffgehalt von Titan-jodidstäben, Naturwiss. 42 (1955) pp.368-369
- Titanium is the metal of the future (Russian).
- Titanium - article from the Chemical Encyclopedia
- The influence of water on the passivation process of titanium - February 26, 2015 - Chemistry and chemical technology in life (undefined) . www.chemfive.ru. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
- The art of casting in the 20th century
- On the world titanium market, prices have stabilized over the last two months (review)
Links
- Titanium in the Popular Library of Chemical Elements
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Titanium - metal fairies At least the element is named after the queen of these mythical creatures. Titania, like all her relatives, was distinguished by her airiness.
Not only wings allow fairies to fly, but also their light weight. Titanium is also light. The element has the lowest density among metals. This is where the resemblance to fairies ends and pure science begins.
Chemical and physical properties of titanium
Titanium is an element silvery-white in color, with a pronounced shine. In the reflections of the metal you can see pink, blue, and red. Shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow is a characteristic feature of the 22nd element.
His rays are always bright, because titanium resistant to corrosion. The material is protected from it by an oxide film. It forms on the surface at standard temperatures.
As a result, metal corrosion is not dangerous either in air, or in water, or in most aggressive environments, for example. This is what chemists called the mixture of concentrated and acidic compounds.
Element 22 melts at 1,660 degrees Celsius. It turns out, titanium – non-ferrous metal refractory group. The material begins to burn before it softens.
A white flame appears at 1,200 degrees. The substance boils at 3,260 Celsius. Melting an element makes it viscous. It is necessary to use special reagents that prevent sticking.
If the liquid mass of the metal is viscous and sticky, then in the powder state titanium is explosive. To trigger the “bomb,” heating up to 400 degrees Celsius is sufficient. While receiving thermal energy, the element transfers it poorly.
Titanium is also not used as an electrical conductor. But the material is valued for its strength. Combined with its low density and weight, it is useful in many industries.
Chemically, titanium is quite active. One way or another, metal interacts with most elements. Exceptions: - inert gases, , sodium, potassium, , calcium and.
Such a small amount of substances indifferent to titanium complicates the process of obtaining a pure element. Not easy to produce and titanium metal alloys. However, industrialists have learned to do this. The practical benefits of mixtures based on the 22nd substance are too high.
Application of titanium
Assembling airplanes and rockets - that's where it comes in handy in the first place. titanium. Metal buy necessary to increase the heat resistance and heat resistance of cabinets. Heat resistance – resistance to high temperatures.
For example, they are inevitable when accelerating a rocket in the atmosphere. Heat resistance is the preservation of most of the mechanical properties of the alloy in “fiery” circumstances. That is, with titanium, the performance characteristics of parts do not change depending on environmental conditions.
The corrosion resistance of 22nd metal is also useful. This property is important not only in the production of cars. The element is used for flasks and other glassware for chemical laboratories, and becomes a raw material for jewelry.
Raw materials are not cheap. But, in all industries, the costs are recouped by the service life of titanium products and their ability to maintain their original appearance.
Thus, a series of dishes from a St. Petersburg company "Neva" "Metal Titan" PC" allows you to use metal spoons when frying. They would destroy the Teflon and scratch it. Titanium coating does not care about the attacks of steel and aluminum.
This, by the way, also applies to jewelry. A ring made of or gold is easy to scratch. Titanium models remain smooth for decades. Therefore, the 22nd element began to be considered as a raw material for wedding rings.
Frying pan "Titanium Metal" Light, like dishes with Teflon. Element 22 is only slightly heavier than aluminum. This inspired not only representatives of the light industry, but also automotive specialists. It's no secret that cars have a lot of aluminum parts.
They are needed to reduce the weight of transport. But titanium is stronger. With regards to executive cars, the automotive industry has already almost completely switched to the use of 22nd metal.
Parts made of titanium and its alloys reduce the weight of the internal combustion engine by 30%. The body also becomes lighter, although the price increases. Aluminum is still cheaper.
Firm "Neva Metal Titan", reviews which is usually left with a plus sign, produces dishes. Automotive brands use titanium for cars. give the element the shape of rings, earrings and bracelets. There are not enough medical companies in this list of listings.
The 22nd metal is a raw material for prosthetics and surgical instruments. The product has almost no pores, so it can be easily sterilized. In addition, titanium, being lightweight, can withstand enormous loads. What else is needed, if, for example, a foreign part is placed instead of knee ligaments?
The absence of pores in the material is valued by successful restaurateurs. The cleanliness of a surgeon's scalpels is important. But the cleanliness of cooks’ work surfaces is also important. To ensure food is safe, it is cut and steamed on titanium tables.
They do not scratch and are easy to clean. Mid-level establishments, as a rule, use steel utensils, but they are inferior in quality. Therefore, in restaurants with Michelin stars, the equipment is titanium.
Titanium mining
The element is among the 20 most common on Earth, being exactly in the middle of the ranking. Based on the mass of the planet's crust, the titanium content is 0.57%. There is 0.001 milligram of the 24th metal per liter of sea water. Shales and clays contain 4.5 kilograms of the element per ton.
In acidic rocks, that is, rich in silica, titanium accounts for 2.3 kilograms per thousand. In the main deposits formed from magma, the 22nd metal is about 9 kilos per ton. The least titanium is hidden in ultramafic rocks with a 30 percent silica content - 300 grams per 1,000 kilograms of raw materials.
Despite its prevalence in nature, pure titanium is not found in it. The material for obtaining 100 percent metal was its iodite. The thermal decomposition of the substance was carried out by Arkel and De Boer. These are Dutch chemists. The experiment was a success in 1925. By the 1950s, mass production began.
Contemporaries, as a rule, extract titanium from its dioxide. This is a mineral called rutile. It contains the least amount of foreign impurities. Looks like titanite and .
When processing ilmenite ores, slag remains. This is what serves as the material for obtaining the 22nd element. The output is porous. It is necessary to carry out secondary melting in vacuum furnaces with the addition of.
If you work with titanium dioxide, magnesium and chlorine are added to it. The mixture is heated in vacuum ovens. The temperature is raised until all excess elements have evaporated. Remains at the bottom of the containers pure titanium. The method is called magnesium-thermal.
The calcium hydride method has also been developed. It is based on electrolysis. The high current allows the metal hydride to be separated into titanium and hydrogen. The iodite method of extracting the element, developed in 1925, continues to be used. However, in the 21st century it is the most labor-intensive and expensive, so it is beginning to be forgotten.
Titanium price
On metal titanium price is set per kilogram. At the beginning of 2016, it was about 18 US dollars. The global market for the 22nd element reached 7,000,000 tons over the past year. The largest suppliers are Russia and China.
This is due to the reserves they have explored and are suitable for development. In the second half of 2015, the demand for titanium and sheets began to decline.
Metal is also sold in the form of wire and various parts, for example, pipes. They are much cheaper than exchange rates. But, you need to take into account what comes in ingots pure titanium, and alloys based on it are used in products.
Titanium (lat. Titanium; denoted by the symbol Ti) is an element of the secondary subgroup of the fourth group, the fourth period of the periodic table of chemical elements, with atomic number 22. The simple substance titanium (CAS number: 7440-32-6) is a light metal of silvery-white color .
Story
The discovery of TiO 2 was made almost simultaneously and independently of each other by the Englishman W. Gregor and the German chemist M. G. Klaproth. W. Gregor, studying the composition of magnetic ferruginous sand (Creed, Cornwall, England, 1789), isolated a new “earth” (oxide) of an unknown metal, which he called menaken. In 1795, the German chemist Klaproth discovered a new element in the mineral rutile and named it titanium. Two years later, Klaproth established that rutile and menaken earth are oxides of the same element, which gave rise to the name “titanium” proposed by Klaproth. Ten years later, titanium was discovered for the third time. The French scientist L. Vauquelin discovered titanium in anatase and proved that rutile and anatase are identical titanium oxides.
The first sample of titanium metal was obtained in 1825 by J. Ya. Berzelius. Due to the high chemical activity of titanium and the difficulty of its purification, a pure sample of Ti was obtained by the Dutch A. van Arkel and I. de Boer in 1925 by thermal decomposition of titanium iodide vapor TiI 4 .
origin of name
The metal got its name in honor of the Titans, characters from ancient Greek mythology, the children of Gaia. The name of the element was given by Martin Klaproth, in accordance with his views on chemical nomenclature, in opposition to the French school of chemistry, where they tried to name an element by its chemical properties. Since the German researcher himself noted the impossibility of determining the properties of a new element only from its oxide, he chose a name for it from mythology, by analogy with uranium he had previously discovered.
However, according to another version, published in the journal “Technology-Youth” in the late 1980s, the newly discovered metal owes its name not to the mighty titans from ancient Greek myths, but to Titania, the fairy queen in Germanic mythology (the wife of Oberon in Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” ). This name is associated with the extraordinary “lightness” (low density) of the metal.
Receipt
As a rule, the starting material for the production of titanium and its compounds is titanium dioxide with a relatively small amount of impurities. In particular, it can be a rutile concentrate obtained from the enrichment of titanium ores. However, the reserves of rutile in the world are very limited, and the so-called synthetic rutile or titanium slag, obtained from the processing of ilmenite concentrates, is more often used. To obtain titanium slag, ilmenite concentrate is reduced in an electric arc furnace, while iron is separated into the metal phase (cast iron), and unreduced titanium oxides and impurities form the slag phase. Rich slag is processed using the chloride or sulfuric acid method.
Titanium ore concentrate is subjected to sulfuric acid or pyrometallurgical processing. The product of sulfuric acid treatment is titanium dioxide powder TiO 2. Using the pyrometallurgical method, the ore is sintered with coke and treated with chlorine, producing titanium tetrachloride vapor TiCl 4:
TiO 2 + 2C + 2Cl 2 =TiCl 2 + 2CO
The resulting TiCl 4 vapors are reduced with magnesium at 850 °C:
TiCl 4 + 2Mg = 2MgCl 2 + Ti
The resulting titanium “sponge” is melted down and cleaned. Titanium is refined using the iodide method or electrolysis, separating Ti from TiCl 4 . To obtain titanium ingots, arc, electron beam or plasma processing is used.
Physical properties
Titanium is a lightweight silvery-white metal. It exists in two crystal modifications: α-Ti with a hexagonal close-packed lattice, β-Ti with cubic body-centered packing, the temperature of the polymorphic transformation α↔β is 883 °C.
It has a high viscosity and, during machining, is prone to sticking to the cutting tool, and therefore requires the application of special coatings to the tool and various lubricants.
At ordinary temperatures it is covered with a protective passivating film of TiO 2 oxide, making it corrosion resistant in most environments (except alkaline).
Titanium dust tends to explode. Flash point 400 °C. Titanium shavings are fire hazardous.
