Population of the Russian Federation in federal districts. Federal districts of Russia

Source: Demographic Yearbook of Russia 2002. – M.: State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, 2003.

The last level at which we can consider the distribution of the population throughout the country is the level of regions - constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all these regions have equal rights, which is expressed, in particular, in the formation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. But the population differences between them are huge, which poses a major challenge to government, both at the federal and local levels. Thus, the city of Moscow is almost 500 times larger in population than the Evenki Autonomous Okrug. The most typical regions for Russia are those with a population of 1 to 2 million inhabitants. About 27% of the country's population is concentrated in them.

The most populous regions of Russia are the city of Moscow (8.5 million people in 2002) and the Moscow region (6.4 million people), which from the point of view of settlement it is advisable to consider together as a single Moscow region. In this case, more than 10% of the country's population is concentrated in this region alone. More than 6 million people lives in the similarly united St. Petersburg region (the city of St. Petersburg plus the Leningrad region), which accounts for 4.3% of the country's population. In total, these two largest regions concentrate 14.7% of Russia's inhabitants. Regions with a population of 3 to 5 million inhabitants can also be considered highly populated in Russia. These are the Krasnodar region, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Rostov Chelyabinsk regions, the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. In total, these eight regions account for 22.6% of the country's population. In total, almost 40% of the country's population lives in populous regions (about 10% of Russian regions).

At the opposite end of the distribution of regions by population size are the sparsely populated constituent entities of the Russian Federation with a population of less than 500 thousand people. in everyone. The most sparsely populated regions are the Autonomous Okrugs of Evenki (18.2 thousand people), Koryak (28.5 thousand people), Taimyr (44.3 thousand people), Nenets (44.9 thousand), Chukotka ( 73.8 thousand) and Aginsky Buryat (79.6 thousand inhabitants;) Less than half a million people also live in the republics of Adygea, Altai, Ingushetia, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tyva, autonomous districts of Komi-Permyak Ust-Ordynsky Buryat, regions Kamchatka, Magadan and Jewish Autonomous Regions. Already from the list, it is clear that sparsely populated areas are mainly autonomies based on nationality. In total, 17 sparsely populated regions concentrate about 2% of the country's population.

It grew at the fastest rate in the 20th century. the population of the northernmost and eastern regions of Russia, where intensive development of natural resources took place. Thus, the number of residents in the Murmansk region from 1926 to 1992 increased 35 times, the population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - by 30 times, the population of the Kamchatka region - by 25 times. At the same time, the population of many regions of central Russia decreased (Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Tambov, etc.). But in the last decade of the century, the regional population dynamics changed to almost the opposite. The northernmost and eastern regions of the country began to lose population especially quickly due to the massive migration outflow of residents. The population in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has decreased by more than half compared to 1991. More than a quarter - in the Kamchatka and Magadan regions, Koryak Evenki Autonomous Okrug. At the same time, some southern and western regions maintain population growth either due to a significant migration influx (Belgorod region, the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, etc.), or due to the persistence of noticeable natural growth (the Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia, etc.).

The average population density in Russia is only 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, which is more than 4 times lower than the world average. Even among the CIS countries, which, with some exceptions, are also not densely populated, the population density is lower than in Russia, only in Kazakhstan. Moreover, if in the European part of the country the population density is relatively high (about 30 people per 1 km 2) and is comparable to the average population density in such regions of the world as Africa and America, then in the Asian part of Russia it is extremely low (2.5 people per 1 km 2). The density of the rural population, which is more closely connected with the territory than the urban population, is especially low - only 2.3 people. per 1 km 2. It is by the density of the rural population that the degree of development of the territory is judged. Population density values ​​for economic regions and federal districts of the country are presented in Table. 4.3.4.

* Source: Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2009: Stat. Sat./Rosstat. – M., 2009. P.60-61.

Various aspects of economic life are influenced by ethnic (national) composition of the population. Each people, historically adapting to the natural conditions of the region they inhabit, has specific production skills, characteristic features, traditions in food, clothing, housing, behavior (the influence of religion is also strongly felt in this regard) and even the developing processes of integration, unification of the way of life are not able to destroy this specificity. Taking into account the labor skills and traditions of the population is necessary for the efficient placement of production and more complete use of labor resources.

Age and sex structure of the population is important for determining the need for services of various types of service institutions (education, healthcare), the range of goods in trade, the demand for apartments with different numbers of rooms (depending on family size). This structure is directly related to identifying the existing and future labor potential of the region, which is determined based on its quantitative and qualitative assessment. The formation, distribution and use of labor resources are carried out, as a rule, within a certain region and are closely related, first of all, to its national economic structure, specialization and general level of development. The educational level of the labor force (the share of people with secondary, secondary specialized and higher education among those employed in the economy), which has certain differences between regions of the country, is becoming increasingly important.

The analysis of the material well-being and socio-cultural development of the population is of independent importance.

When assessing the economic potential of a region, particular importance is attached to the analysis regional population structure, which happens:

− settlement – ​​distribution of residents among settlements of different types and sizes;

− demographic – distribution by gender, age, families of different composition;

− social – distribution by social strata (strata);

− educational and qualification – the ratio of different groups by level of education and qualifications.

Production potential region characterizes the potential possibilities of production occurring within its boundaries, which are determined by the peculiarities of the functioning of the economic system of the territory. Being part of the national economy, the regional economic complex is a purposefully developing dynamic stable regional or local combination of enterprises and industries united by close internal ties.

The successful functioning of the regional economic complex depends on maximum consideration of regional factors and characteristics, the nature of the combination of which in a certain territory has a direct impact on the formation and development of the regional economy, determines the specialization of the region, specific features of production management, social processes.

The economic complex of the region is represented by interconnected industries:

● for the production of goods: industry, agriculture, construction, other industries producing goods;

● for the provision of market services: transport, communications, highway services, trade and catering, wholesale trade in products for industrial and technical purposes, procurement, information and computing services, real estate operations, general commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market, geology and subsoil exploration, organizations serving rural economy, housing, public utilities, non-productive types of consumer services, insurance, science and scientific services, healthcare, physical education and social security, education. Culture and art;

● for the provision of non-market services: housing and communal services, road services, organizations serving agriculture, science and scientific services, healthcare, physical education and social security, education, culture and art, management.

If the economic complex of the region is considered based on a systemic-structural point of view, then the structure of the economy can be presented in the form of local systems: by areas of activity (industry, agriculture, etc.), by branches of production, by the division of produced material goods and services for intraregional needs and for interregional redistribution, according to employment level, etc.

The structure of the regional economic complex is an indicator of the effectiveness of its functioning. Based on the ongoing changes in the structure, one can judge their nature - progressive, stimulating dynamic self-development, or regressive, leading to economic depression.

One of the founders of regional science, W. Isard, considered the sectoral structure of a region to be the most important factor in economic growth. He was of the opinion that cyclical fluctuations depended on the industrial structure and, in accordance with this, formulated limiting conditions - the output of any individual industry should not exceed 40% of the total gross output (this condition reflects the view that an area with only one industry will be unhealthy economically). relation). This limitation reflects the simple hypothesis that excessive concentration of production in one area can lead to sharp cyclical fluctuations that spread throughout the system.

The sectoral structure of a region is a set of sectors of the economic complex of the region, characterized by certain proportions and relationships. The dynamics of its changes make it possible to assess the closeness of intersectoral ties, the region’s capabilities in meeting internal needs, and the region’s place in the territorial division of labor.

In accordance with the social territorial division of labor, functional groups of industries are distinguished within the regional economic complex - specializing and servicing.

Industries of specialization play a leading role in the economy of the region, form the basis of the regional economic complex and are characterized by the following features:

− allocation in national and regional production;

− formation of a regional complex, its most effective and important links;

− the presence of a high degree of concentration of production in the region (in contrast to industries of local importance, which are relatively evenly distributed throughout the territory);

− large-scale production of the most important types of cheap or scarce products, influencing the level of development of all other industries;

− participation in interregional exchange.

There are established and effective specializations.

Under established specialization of the region understand the concentration in the region of specific types of production that satisfy not only their own needs for products, but also the needs of other regions. Under effective specialization of the region one should understand the preferential development in the region of certain, usually large-scale, industries that most effectively use local resource potential to meet the needs of the national economy. The effectiveness of regional specialization should be assessed from the standpoint of the most rational territorial division of labor on a national scale and the most productive use of regional resources.

Innovation potential – one of the most important factors in the development of the region’s economy. Innovation activities provide for more efficient use of the region's resource potential, strengthening and expanding economic ties, increasing the intensity of investment processes at all levels of the socio-economic system, developing the infrastructure base and increasing the role of innovation in the system of economic interests of the region.

The innovation process, being one of the most important factors in regional development, is distinguished by a number of problems that reflect the specifics of each specific territory. Among them are:

− growing technological gap from economically developed countries;

− low competitiveness of domestic products in the material sphere on world markets;

− insufficient funding for fundamental and applied sciences in knowledge-intensive and advanced industries;

− physical and moral aging of the material and technical base of scientific institutions (research institutes, design bureaus, technical technical institutions);

− low wages and lack of young specialists among scientific personnel engaged in research and development;

− low share of costs for technical innovations in the volume of shipped products;

− insufficiently detailed development of the concept of innovative development of regions, primarily old industrial ones, etc.;

The innovation process of the last decade in Russia is characterized by a reduction in the number of organizations performing research and development (from 4019 in 1998 to 3666 in 2008), the number of researchers with academic degrees (from 105.9 thousand people in 1998 to 101 ,0 in 2008), and maintaining at the same level the share of the volume of shipped innovative products (5.1% in 1998 and 5.0% in 2008).

All regions differ from each other in the degree of receptivity to innovation, and therefore innovation-active and innovation-passive regions are distinguished. The region’s “propensity” for innovation is determined using a whole system of indicators, covering the personnel component, the amount of expenses in research organizations, and sources of their financing. These include: the number and share of innovatively active enterprises and their dynamics; the share of innovative products in the total volume of goods shipped, work performed, and services; internal ongoing research and development costs; number of advanced technologies created and used; volume of innovative products by level of novelty and type of activity, etc.

An assessment of the region's scientific potential will be incomplete without taking into account the resources available in higher educational institutions located on its territory. Scientific work is one of the important indicators of higher education, which has traditionally been given a significant place in the hierarchy of teachers’ responsibilities in state universities. However, over the past 10 years, the share of universities carrying out research and development has decreased by almost a third and currently amounts to no more than 35%, which is due to the decline in the prestige of teaching work and low wages.

To increase the development of innovative activity in the regions, it is necessary to create holdings, trust companies and consortia in innovative industries, support small and medium-sized innovative businesses, develop projects jointly with enterprises, expand the practice of holding scientific and technical exhibitions, conferences, provide state guarantees to investors of innovative activity in various forms .

The rational use of innovative potential, ensuring the transfer of scientific results to the industrial complex, agriculture, construction, and the service sector, will increase the competitiveness of the region and will make it possible to take a significant step towards the transition of its economy to an innovative path of development, which will ultimately lead to the achievement of the main result of the regional social- economic system – increasing the level and quality of life of the population.

Regional diagnostics. Economic analysis of a region involves studying the practice of economic development of the region and inevitably confronts us with the problem of the interconnection of natural, economic, social, political processes occurring at different territorial levels (local, regional, national and global), which can be achieved with the help of economic diagnostics, which analyzes the economic specifics of regions, determining their economic “health” and “diseases”.

The economic state of the region is examined using a system of indicators, and the concept and quantitative characteristics of the “norm” are relative. In the conditions of the Russian Federation, which is vast in territory and too heterogeneous in terms of natural conditions, they depend on many circumstances:

 bases of comparison (“norm” for Central Russia is one, Siberia is another, the Far North is a third, etc.);

 criterion of “norm” and approach to its calculation;

the uniqueness of any economic characteristic or combination of characteristics, as a result of which the very concept of “norm” becomes useless (in this case, drawing conclusions does not require the use of statistical arguments at all).

The tasks of regional diagnostics are associated with:

Firstly, with the need to have a meaningful “passport” of the region to develop tactics and strategies for its development. It is unlikely that regional policy will be effective without clarifying ideas about the type of regions (problem, depressed, etc.) and their functions, without information about their sectoral and demographic structure, economic potential, dynamic qualities, etc.

Secondly, the results of comprehensive diagnostic surveys of regions are constantly in demand by other bodies and levels of government. In particular, we are talking about information used for sectoral restructuring of the economic complex, for drawing up medium- and long-term plans for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, etc.

Third, Reliable diagnostic marketing information in a transition economy can become one of the main analytical tools for banks, corporations, investment companies, stock exchanges, which are directly related to the development of a strategy for the allocation of capital and the formation of regional markets.

Let us give an example of an economic diagnosis performed by O.G. Dmitrieva for methodological purposes in her book “Regional Economic Diagnostics” (St. Petersburg, 1992, p. 17). “In ... the region there is a decline in economic growth rates due to the depletion of natural resources, i.e. depression. The fall in production in industries of specialization provoked a multiplicative downward process. The regional investment cycle is in a downward stage, approaching its lowest point. Specialization industries and service complexes require threshold capital expenditures to restore economic potential. The effectiveness of restrictions on natural resources is combined with the lack of elasticity of the production function with respect to labor resources (labor redundancy). Labor redundancy, accompanied by increased costs of population reproduction in the North, contributes to a decrease in the overall efficiency of the functioning of the regional complex"

Diagnosis: Depression caused by the depletion of natural resources in a poorly diversified economic complex, with a monopoly position of enterprises in specialized industries in regional markets and labor redundancy.”

Diagnostics of natural resource potential. The natural resource potential (NRP) of a region characterizes the totality of natural resources and serves as a prerequisite and factor for regional accumulation, a condition for attracting additional investments, and the basis for the development of local policy.

Quantitative assessment of the territory's PDP is quite difficult:

 it is associated with taking into account not only the resources themselves, but also natural conditions (the physical-geographical position or terrain significantly affects the economic opportunities of the region);

 includes a quantitative assessment of all potentials of individual types of resources;

 each private natural potential has its own units of measurement (hydroenergy - power units, agroclimatic - hydrothermal coefficients, etc.), which complicates the problem of comparing heterogeneous indicators.

Among several methods for calculating the general (integral) PRP, the most common are - point method and cost indicator method. In the first case, a single scale is adopted and each particular natural potential of the region, depending on its value, receives its own score. It is calculated by the formula:

R s =  p i

I =1

Where R s - general potentials of individual natural resources; p i - private potentials of individual natural resources; n – number of components.

After determining the private potentials for individual resources, it is possible to move on to the final operation - determining the total natural potential of the territory, which is the sum of resource potentials expressed in points:

R =  p s

S =1

Where R - general potential of the territory; N– number of components.

Any adopted scoring scale will, of course, be subjective, but it is important that the element of subjectivity is kept to a minimum.

A promising method for assessing PRP in cost terms is that it comes down first to assessing private potentials, and then to summing up cost indicators for each type of resource. The use of this method is fraught with many difficulties due to the fact that world prices, which are taken as the basis for determining the PRP, are subject to significant fluctuations, and when calculating individual private potentials, it is important to avoid “double counting” (water potential includes hydropower, fisheries, water transport, etc.).

In regional planning (forecasting), sometimes it becomes necessary to operate with indicators of not only absolute, but also relative resource provision, i.e. correlating the value of the region’s PRP with its area, population, fixed assets, etc.

Demographic and labor market diagnostics. Current research is evolution demographic situation, especially since the early 90s of the twentieth century. The regional aspect of the demographic situation is important for carrying out a socially oriented regional policy of the state and for forecasting the labor market.

This type of diagnosis, unlike the previous one, is based on well-developed and tested methods of demographic statistics and does not present any particular difficulties. When diagnosing the natural movement of the population, it is important to establish gradations of the qualitative state of natural growth in the region:

- positive natural growth;

 zero natural growth;

- negative natural growth (population decline).

During the last decade of the twentieth century, the demographic situation in many regions was determined by mechanical movement of population, i.e. migrations:

- influx of refugees and internally displaced persons;

 positive net migration in rural areas;

 reducing the level of intensity of resettlement on the territory of the Russian Federation;

- outflow of population from the northern regions of the country, Siberia and the Far East.

When diagnosing the processes of mechanical movement of the population, the following indicators are examined:

 migration surplus (population influx into the region);

 zero balance;

- passive balance (population outflow from the region).

A similar scale can be used to characterize intraregional population movements (between cities and rural areas).

When diagnosing regional labor markets the main qualitative gradations of their condition are: unemployment, equilibrium state (the excess of labor resources corresponds to the demand for them, i.e., the supply of jobs) and the shortage of labor resources. In the context of the development of a market economy in our country (a relatively short period of time for the development of market relations, the cyclical nature of crises in the economy), the following should be taken into account:

 hidden unemployment (including the phenomenon of “part-time work” and “unpaid leave”);

 distinguish absolute unemployment (excess labor resources) from a situation where the shortage or excess of labor resources is structural in nature (for example, an excess of economists, a shortage of engineers, a lot of female labor resources, not enough male ones).

Settlement diagnostics . Objective information about the indicators of settlement systems in the region is necessary in the implementation of regional social policy, as well as in regional planning and the implementation of investment programs.

The most well-known indicator of settlement is population density. But upon closer analysis it turns out that it has numerous “modifications”:

 population density in the inhabited, developed territory;

 rural population density;

 urban population density;

- density of the indigenous population.

Among other known indicators characterizing the settlement pattern, it should be noted territorial population concentration coefficient, determined using the nearest neighbor analysis method:

R= Ō : 05 s: n

Where Ō – average distance between the nearest settlements; S– area of ​​the study territory; n– number of settlements.

It is believed that with a more or less uniform distribution of settlements (mainly in old-developed regions with flat terrain), the coefficient of territorial concentration “balances” around the “2” mark, with a crowded population in one location - around the “0” mark, with a chaotic distribution - near the “1” mark.

When comparing regions in terms of their “share participation” in the formation of the territorial structure of the population, it is used regional concentration index, determined by the formula:

K pk = 0,5 (S i – P i ) x 100%

Where S i and P i- share of area and population i th region in the total area and population of the entire country.

The diagnostic mechanism is more complex settlement systems - a collection of settlements united by a common infrastructure. In modern literature devoted to the analysis of settlement systems, their special types are distinguished - local, intra-regional, district, regional, etc. The system of indicators used in diagnosing settlement systems reflects:

a) their quantitative parameters (area, population, ratio between the population of different points, as well as between urban and rural populations, etc.);

b) quality (development of social infrastructure facilities);

c) type of settlement systems.

If quantitative indicators give an idea of ​​obvious, easily verifiable differences, then the quality of settlement systems can be judged by the degree of favorableness for the organization of social infrastructure facilities.

Diagnostics of the economic level of development of the region. This level, reflecting in unity the quantitative and qualitative aspects of economic activity, characterizes the degree of use of all regional production resources, or the efficiency of the achieved economic potential.

Currently, based on official calculations of the gross (domestic) regional product (GRP) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, calculations are made of the coefficients of the regions' share in the GRP of the country as a whole. The reliability of such calculations made on the basis of Rosstat data is quite high.

There are also other methods for measuring regional levels of economic development, most of which are unacceptable in a market economy. Thus, one of them involves a simplified calculation of the amount of produced national income of a region in proportion to its share in the national wage fund for those employed in material production. Another is the method of calculating a synthetic weighted index of the level of economic development of the region.

Diagnostics of the dynamic qualities of the region . The approaches vary depending on the goal.

First of all, it is necessary to determine degree of stability of the socio-economic structure. A stable economy is characterized by the presence of at least three levels:

- stable structure (regions experiencing intense economic growth or receiving a significant influx of investment);

 unstable structure (depressed regions);

- emerging structures (regions where natural resources are intensively involved in economic turnover).

Qualitative gradations can be determined in a similar way economic development of the region: actual growth, revival, stagnation, depression. There are no clear economic parameters for the intensification of one or another gradation. However, within the framework of a single methodology used, it is quite acceptable to determine qualitative states. When determining trends in economic development, the most important thing is to establish their sources: for example, what internal (endogenous) or external (fluctuations in the national market) causes give rise to economic depression?

In the conditions of modern market development, the question of stages of the investment cycle in the region, especially since, unlike the national space, in a particular region it is more clearly expressed. In economic science, the following qualitative states of the investment cycle are distinguished:

1) ascending stage (with annual growth of investments);

2) the highest point of the investment cycle (reaching the maximum level of investment with a further drop in growth rates);

3) descending stage (with an annual drop in investment volume);

4) the lowest point of the investment cycle (achieving the maximum drop in the growth rate of investment volumes).

When diagnosing the dynamic properties of a region, it is important to assess multiplicative process, which is often used in EU countries. Without assessing the regional development multiplier, it is difficult to determine the impulses of economic recovery that have arisen in one industry, which are naturally transmitted to service and auxiliary industries, as well as to activities in the tertiary sector of the economy.

Diagnostics of the sectoral, functional and territorial structure of the region. The sectoral structure of the region's economy reflects the intraregional division of labor between industries and industries. It can be analyzed from various perspectives: from the point of view of the level of specialization (diversification), degree of sustainability, level of complexity, repeatability of the production process, completeness of the production and technological cycle, etc. In this case, both traditional indicators and the inter-industry balance of production and distribution of products are widely used.

Diagnostics of the sectoral structure of a region involves identifying the industry (sectors) of specialization, the relationship between specialization, auxiliary and service industries. For more “advanced” regions, it is necessary to determine the stage of economic development, determining the representativeness of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities, as well as the relationship between the functions of the economic process - management, research, and own production.

In a comparative analysis of the sectoral structure of regions, they determine level of diversification, characterizing the representation (branching) of economic activity sectors in the region. Moreover, the value of industry diversification is the inverse of industry concentration. In this regard, the methodology for identifying both indicators is essentially the same. Their calculation is based on comparing the “weight” of individual industries in the region and the country as a whole

The industry concentration coefficient is calculated as follows:

TO neg.k = ∑ [(P J : P)  (C j : C)]

J =1

for all j, for which (P J : P)  (C j : C)  0

Where j – industry index, P j , C j – number of employees in j-th industry, respectively, in the region and the country as a whole; P, C– the total number of people employed in the economy, respectively, in the region and the country as a whole.

Due to the fact that the value of industry concentration is the inverse of the value of industry diversification, the coefficient of the latter can be calculated:

TO neg.k = 1: K neg.div

Both coefficients range from 0 to 1. The gradation scale for diagnosing the level of diversification may look like this:

 diversified industry structure;

 poorly diversified structure;

- monostructure.

Functional structure of the region's economy reflects the division of industries according to their functions in the interregional and intraregional division of labor. Moreover, in one case (when grouping industries according to their role in the interregional division of labor), they can distinguish: a) industries of specialization; b) industries that complement the economic complex, etc.; in another case (with an intraregional approach), industries and production can be grouped as successive stages of technological processes. Of particular importance are the issues of connection between the functional structure of the region’s economy and local, national and world markets.

Territorial structure of the region's economy reflects intraregional territorial proportions, as well as features of the intraregional territorial organization of production. The latter can be represented by various forms and combinations of production.

Diagnostics of the complexity of the region's economy is closely related to the diagnosis of the sectoral structure of the region’s economy. The complexity of the region's economy is the interconnected, coordinated development of production and social infrastructure facilities, ensuring the formation of optimal proportionality of the economy both in terms of the most rational use of available resources and in terms of the territorial division of labor.

The level of complexity of the region’s economy can be judged using an indicator that takes into account the degree of “self-sufficiency” of the region:

N s = (P r :P) x (∑ C r : ∑ C s )

Where N s– level of complexity; R– gross product consumed by the region; P r- part of the consumed product produced in the region itself; C r– composite index of unit cost of products produced in the region; C s– a consolidated index of the unit cost of a similar set of products in the country (calculated as a weighted average for the entire main product range).

The calculation becomes appropriate if

∑ C r : ∑ C s ≤ 1

Ecological diagnostics of the region. The starting concept for analysis here is “regional human habitat.” Derived from it is the concept of “quality of regional habitat” (or “state of natural habitat”).

The main approaches to ranking the ecological states of regions are the following:

 natural state – those. unchangeable by human activity;

 equilibrium, when the rate of restoration processes is higher than or equal to the rate of anthropogenic disturbances;

 crisis– a state in which the rate of anthropogenic disturbances exceeds the rate of self-healing of natural systems, but their radical change has not yet occurred;

 critical– a state in which a reversible replacement of previously existing ecological systems with less productive ones occurs;

 catastrophic– a state in which a hard-to-reversible process of consolidation of unproductive ecological systems takes place;

 state of collapse– irreversible loss of biological productivity of the region’s ecological systems.

There are difficulties in environmental diagnostics of the region. Thus, a problem arises when trying to assess the ecological state of a region, associated with the discrepancy between the boundaries of natural and administrative entities. Another problem is the difficulty of selecting the required range of analytical indicators and the imperfection of the methodology for their calculation. Another problem is the determination of standards for maximum permissible emissions (MAE) of pollutants into the atmosphere of the region, because Much in this case depends on the cyclonic nature of air circulation.

Thus, the methods for calculating the assessment of the state of a region are unique for each of them and depend on a combination of factors reflecting its socio-economic development.

Literature:

Alaev E.B. Socio-economic geography: Conceptual and terminological dictionary. M.: Mysl, 1983.

Andreev A.V. Fundamentals of regional economics: tutorial. – M.: KNORUS, 2008.

Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Fundamentals of regional policy: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of Mikhailov V.A., 1998.

Kalinikova M.O. Managing the socio-economic potential of the region: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Mezhevich N.M. Economic analysis of the region. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. Univ., 2007.

Mironikhina Yu.A. “Strategy for the socio-economic development of the region (using the example of the Ryazan region).” Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences. Moscow, 2007.

Regional dimension of the state economic policy of Russia / Under the general editorship. A.S. Malchinov. – M.: Scientific expert, 2007.

Regional Economic Growth Strategy 2015 / [ed. V.A. Ilyin]; Vologda Scientific Coordination Center CEMI RAS. – M.: Nauka, 2007.

Regional economics: textbook. – M.: KNORUS, 2006.

Theory and methodology of geographical science: textbook. – M.: VLADOS, 2005.

Management of innovative development of the region: monograph / Ed. A.P. Egorshina. – N. Novgorod: NIMB, 2008.

Economic assessment of the potential of regions: a course of lectures. – M.: GOU VPO “REA im. G.V. Plekhanov", 2010.

Control questions:

What are the main components of the region’s socio-economic potential?

What are the features of the formation of the socio-economic potential of the region?

What is meant by territorial resources and how much do they affect the socio-economic development of regions?

Name the regions of Russia whose socio-economic potential contains an exceptionally large share of natural resources (land, water, forest and subsoil resources).

How does the labor potential of the region affect the socio-economic development of the territory?

What influences the formation of a regional economic complex?

Why is there low efficiency in the use of research potential in Russian regions?

What are the tasks of regional diagnostics?

According to the current assessment methodology approved by Rosstat order dated June 3, 2010 No. 209 Population at the beginning of the next year is calculated as the sum of the population recorded on the basis of the latest population census, minus the number of deaths and those who left the given territory for the year and plus the number of births and arrivals to the given territory for the year.
Accounting population is given for the permanent population in Russia as a whole, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities of all levels, including city districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements and inter-settlement areas. The calculations take into account changes in the population of territories as a result of changes in borders, as well as changes in urban and rural populations as a result of the transformation of urban settlements into rural and rural settlements into urban ones.
In 2014, two new subjects of the Russian Federation were formed within the Russian Federation (Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 6-FKZ “On the admission of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the formation of new subjects within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the city federal significance of Sevastopol"). In connection with the formation of new subjects within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol - the Crimean Federal District was formed (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014 No. 168 “On the formation of the Crimean Federal District”).
The assessment of the size of the permanent population as of January 1, 2015 of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol was made taking into account the results of the population census in the Crimean Federal District in 2014, as well as natural population movement and migration. Since as of January 1, 2014, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol were not part of the Russian Federation, the results of the population census were not moved to January 1, 2014. The population size as of July 1, 2014 was taken as the average annual population for these subjects.
The permanent population includes persons permanently residing in a given territory, including those temporarily absent on a specified date
The urban population refers to the population living in urban settlements. Urban settlements are settlements approved by legislative acts as cities and towns of urban type (working towns, resort towns, holiday villages and towns of closed administrative-territorial entities). All other settlements are considered rural. The population living in them is rural.
Information about municipal-territorial division is based on official documents, received from the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Data for the Republic of Crimea are presented in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Crimea dated June 6, 2014 No. 18-ZRK “On the administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Crimea”; for the city of Sevastopol in accordance with the Law of the city of Sevastopol dated June 3, 2014 No. 19-ZS “On the administrative-territorial structure of the city of Sevastopol”.

Russia is the largest state in the world. This status determines the specifics of its political organization. Thus, the highest authorities decided to organize the governance of the country through the establishment of federal districts. The corresponding model of political structure is to some extent unique from the point of view of world practice. How many federal districts are there in Russia? What is their list?

What is a "federal district"?

The Federal District is an administrative and political unit provided for by the system government system Russia. The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into federal subjects. Those, in turn, are united into districts based on a number of geographical, ethno-cultural, social and political characteristics. The relevant administrative and political units are led by authorized representatives of the President of Russia.

List of federal districts

How many federal districts are there in Russia? Now there are 9 of them. Among them:

• Central;
• Northwestern;
• Privolzhsky;
• Ural;
• Siberian;
• Far Eastern;
• Southern;
• North Caucasian;
• Crimean.

It is worth noting that the North Caucasus District appeared only in 2010. Crimean - in 2014. We now know how many federal districts there are in Russia. Let us now take a closer look at their key characteristics.

Characteristics of federal districts: Central Federal District

Let's start with the Central Federal District. The authorized representative office is the highest executive body of the administrative-territorial unit in question, located in Moscow. Among the most important economic characteristics of the Central Federal District is the presence of large volumes of natural resources, especially iron ores, phosphorites, bauxites, and cement raw materials. Another important feature that distinguishes the Central Federal District is that Russia has key financial centers here. The main ones, of course, are located in Moscow.

The Central Federal District has developed high-tech industry, including in the mechanical engineering segment. The chemical industry plays an important role in the structure of the economy of the Central Federal District, especially in such segments as the production of mineral fertilizers and organic synthesis products. Resins, plastics, tires, and dyes are produced here. The printing and confectionery segments are also sufficiently developed.

The administrative and political structure of the Central Federal District is represented by the regions: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol.

Northwestern Federal District

The federal districts of Russia include the Northwestern. The authorized representative office of the Northwestern Federal District is located in St. Petersburg. In economic terms, the Northwestern Federal District can be considered one of the most developed in Russia. Both manufacturing and raw materials industries are developed here. The Northwestern Federal District is also characterized by a highly developed transport infrastructure. How many federal districts are there in Russia with a comparable level of road development? It’s difficult to say, since the experience of the Northwestern Federal District in this sense is completely unique.

One of the factors stimulating the growth of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District is its proximity to European countries - Finland, the Baltic countries, Poland (if we talk about the Kaliningrad region). The Northwestern Federal District is characterized by enormous human resources potential. Specialists of various profiles are trained at universities in St. Petersburg and other cities, and all of them receive the highest qualifications. The Northwestern Federal District also contains significant amounts of natural resources.

The structure of the Northwestern Federal District includes the following regions: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov. It is part of the Northwestern Federal District and the republics: Karelia, Komi.

Southern Federal District

The list of federal districts of Russia includes the Southern Federal District. Its specificity lies in its unique warm climate, which is largely uncharacteristic of the rest of Russia. The Southern Federal District of Russia is a national health resort. The region is home to completely unique thermal springs, mountain springs and artesian wells. There are the largest reserves of tungsten, non-ferrous metals, and coal.

After the North Caucasus Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010, the structure of the region includes the following regions: Astrakhan and Volgograd. The Southern Federal District includes the following republics: Adygea and Kalmykia. The structure of the Southern Federal District includes the Krasnodar Territory. The region is considered one of the most promising in terms of investment in tourism.

Volga Federal District

Relatively small in area - about 7.27% of the total territory of Russia, the Volga Federal District plays a vital economic and political role in the development of the country. Thus, the share of industry in the economic system of the region is about 23.9%. This is one of the highest indicators among all federal districts of the Russian Federation.

The industry of the Volga Federal District is represented by mechanical engineering, fuel and energy complex, agriculture, chemical and light industry. In the administrative and political structure of the Volga Federal District there are many republics: Udmurt, Chuvash, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Mari El, Mordovia. The Volga Federal District has three regions: Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, and Orenburg.

Ural Federal District

How many federal districts in Russia are located in the European part? At the moment there are 7. Among them is the Ural Federal District. The authorized representative office of the Ural Federal District is located in Yekaterinburg. The region under consideration is characterized by a unique geography. It is located on the border between Europe and Asia and has significant natural resources and climate.

The leading sectors of the region's economy are oil and gas production, as well as the mining industry. There are significant reserves of iron, non-ferrous and precious metals. The Ural Federal District is characterized by many experts as one of the most self-sufficient in terms of provision with resources and necessary technologies.

The structure of the Ural Federal District includes the following regions: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk. The Ural Federal District also includes the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Siberian Federal District

How many federal districts in Russia are located in Asia? There are 2 of them. Among them is the Siberian Federal District.

Siberia is a huge Russian region, which is one of the key regions in terms of transport communications. This is understandable: it is through Siberian roads that cargo flows between European and Asian Russia. Local highways are also of great international importance. Siberia is one of the most economically developed and promising regions of Russia. There are reserves of almost all the resources necessary for the economy.

The structure of the Siberian Federal District includes the following republics: Buryatia, Altai, Tyva, Khakassia. The Siberian Federal District includes the following regions: Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk. The structure of the Siberian Federal District includes the following territories: Altai, Krasnoyarsk.

Far Eastern Federal District

Another federal district of the Russian Federation located in Asia is the Far Eastern. It is the largest in area, occupying about 36% of the state’s territory. It is characterized by enormous potential in terms of economic development. It has significant volumes of natural resources, in particular reserves of coal, oil, gas, and metals.

The Far Eastern Federal District includes the following regions: Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan. In the structure of the Far Eastern Federal District there are territories: Primorsky, Khabarovsk. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is included in the Far Eastern Federal District.

North Caucasus Federal District

The North Caucasus Federal District was formed on January 19, 2010 through separation from the structure of the Southern Federal District. It is characterized by a small area - about 1% of the state's territory. The Southern Federal District unites the subjects of the Russian Federation, characterized by significant cultural and socio-economic proximity.

The North Caucasian Federal District includes the republics: Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania, Chechnya. The structure of the North Caucasus Federal District includes the Stavropol Territory. The city of Pyatigorsk located in it is the center of the North Caucasus Federal District. The residence of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the North Caucasus Federal District is located in Essentuki.

Crimean Federal District

In March 2014, Crimea became part of Russia. Soon after this, the Crimean Federal District was formed. There are 2 subjects in its structure. These are, in fact, the Republic of Crimea, as well as Sevastopol, which has the status of a city of federal significance of the Russian Federation, as well as Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Crimea is one of the most important cultural, historical and tourist centers of Russia. This region is characterized by significant potential not only in the field of tourism, but also in terms of the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors. At the level of federal legislation of the Russian Federation, tax preferences have been established for businesses operating in Crimea. Programs have been adopted aimed at stimulating intensive economic development of the region.

Appendix II. Number and distribution of the population of federal districts, 1926-2002

Table II-1. Population of federal districts as of census dates* and as of January 1, 2002*, thousand people

* present population
** resident population

Table II-2. Growth (decrease) in the population of federal districts during intercensal periods
and in the period after the 1989 census, thousand people

Table II-3. Growth (decrease) in the population of federal districts during intercensal periods
and in the period after the 1989 census, %

Table II-4. Share of the population of federal districts in the population of Russia,
as of census dates and at the beginning of 2002, %

Table II-5. Share of urban population by federal districts of Russia
as of census dates and January 1, 2002, %

Table II- 6. Growth (decrease) of the urban population of federal districts

Table II-7. Growth (decrease) of the urban population of federal districts in intercensal periods and in the period after the 1989 census, %

Table II-8. Growth (decrease) of the rural population of federal districts
in intercensal periods and in the period after the 1989 census, thousand people

Table II-9. Growth (decrease) of the rural population of federal districts in intercensal periods and in the period after the 1989 census, %

Table II-10. Number of cities by federal district, according to the 1989 census.

Table II-11. Number of cities by federal district at the beginning of 2002

* without distribution of 5 cities of the Chechen Republic

Table II-12. Number of people living in cities by federal districts
according to the 1989 census, thousand people

Table II-13. Number of people living in cities by federal district at the beginning of 2002, thousand people

* without population of 5 cities of the Chechen Republic

Table II-14. Number of urban-type settlements in federal districts according to the 1989 census.

Table II-15. Number of urban-type settlements by federal districts at the beginning of 2002

* without distribution of 3 urban-type settlements of the Chechen Republic

Table II-16. Number of people living in urban-type settlements in federal districts according to the 1989 census, thousand people

Table II-17. Number of people living in urban settlements by federal districts at the beginning of 2002, thousand people

* without distribution of the population of 3 urban-type settlements of the Chechen Republic

Table II-18. Distribution of the urban population of federal districts by type of settlement, according to the 1989 census, %

Table II-19. Distribution of the urban population of federal districts by types of settlements,
at the beginning of 2002*, %

* without distribution of the urban population of the Chechen Republic